How to Synchronize HashMap in Java? Collections.synchronizedMap() Example Tutorial

Hello guys, if you have used HashMap class in Java before than you will know that HashMap is not synchronized, which means you cannot use it on multi-threaded Java programs without external synchronization. In other words, if you share an instance of HashMap between multiple threads, where each of them is either adding, removing or updating entries then it's possible that HashMap may lose its structure and not behave as expected. In simple words, exposing HashMap to multiple threads can corrupt the Map and you may not able to retrieve the data you want. If you have read my earlier article about HashMap, you know that during re-sizing its possible that HashMap exposed to multiple threads, may end up in an infinite loop. 

Difference between WeakHashMap , IdentityHashMap, and EnumMap in Java?

Hello guys, if you are wondering what is the difference between WeakHashMap, IdentityHashMap, and EnumMap in Java then you are at  the right place. In last article, we have seen difference between HashMap, TreeMap, and LinkedHashMap in Java and in this article we will difference between WeakHashMap, EnumMap, and IdnetityHashMap in Java. Apart from popular implementation like HashMap and LinkedHashMap, java.util.Map also has some specialized implementation classes e.g. IdentifyHashMap which uses == instead of equals() method for comparing keys, WeakHashMap which uses WeakReference to wrap the key object and a key/value mapping is removed when the key is no longer referenced from elsewhere, and EnumMap where keys are Enum constants. 

Java HashMap keySet() , entrySet and values() Example - Tutorial

The java.util.Map interface provides three methods keySet(), entrySet() and values() to retrieve all keys, entries (a key-value pair), and values. Since these methods directly come from the Map interface, you can use them with any of the Map implementation classes e.g. HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap, Hashtable, ConcurrentHashMap, and even with specialized Map implementations like EnumMap, WeakHashMap, and IdentityHashMap. In order to become a good Java developer, it's important to understand and remember key classes of Java API like Java's Collection framework.

What is static and instance Method in Java? Example Tutorial

Hello guys, if you have trouble understanding what is static method in Java and how to use it then you are at the right place. In this article, I will share everything I have learned bout static method in my 20 years of Java experience. Static methods are one of the important programming concepts in any programming language but unfortunately, it is also the most misunderstood and misused one. Talking about Java, almost all programmers know that. static methods belong to the class and non-static methods belong to the objects of the class, but hardly all of them understand what it means. That's why this is one of the popular weed-out questions on programming interviews. 

How to use Lambda Expression and method reference in Java? Example Tutorial

Hello guys, if you are wondering what is lambda expression and method reference in Java then you are at the right place. Earlier, I have shared 10 Stream API examples and in this article, I will share everything I know about Lambda expression with you. The Lambda expression is one of the most important features of Java 8 which has opened a whole new dimension of programming paradigm in Java. It is the feature which made the Functional Programming possible in Java because now you can pass the code to a function to execute as opposed to an object. You might be a bit surprised but if you look from a developer's point of view, it is nothing but a way to pass your code to a method in Java.

Composite Design Pattern Example in Java and Object Oriented Programming

Hello guys, if you are wondering how to use Composite design pattern in Java then you are at the right place. Composite design pattern is another object oriented design pattern introduced by Gang of Four in there timeless classic book Design pattern : Elements of Reusable software. Composite pattern as name suggest is used to compose similar things together, like similar objects. It implements an interface and also contains other objects which implements the same interface, also known as containee. One of the best example of Composite pattern from Java standard library is Swing's container classes e.g. Panel, which not only are Components by themselves, but also contains other components like JButton, Label, JTable etc. 

6 Advanced Comparator and Comparable Examples in Java 8

The JDK 8 release has completely changed the way you compare objects and sort them in Java. The new features of the Java 8 language e.g. lambda expression and method reference have made it easier to implement both Comparator and Comparable interface, as you don't need an Anonymous class for inline implementation. Now, you can create Comparators in just one line by using lambdas and method reference as we'll see in this article. Other features like providing default and static methods on interfaces have also made a huge difference when it comes to Comparator. They helped Java API designers to redesign and evolve existing interfaces, which wasn't possible earlier without breaking existing clients of those interfaces.

How to convert String to long in Java? Example

You can parse a String literal containing valid long value into a long primitive type using parseLong() and valueOf() method of java.lang.Long class of JDK. Though there is a couple of difference between valueOf() and parseLong() method e.g. valueOf() method return a Long object while parseLong() method return a Long object, but given we have autoboxing in Java, both method can use for parsing String to create long values. In the last article, you have learned how to convert a Long value to a String in Java, and in this tutorial, you will learn the opposite, i.e. how to parse a String to a long value in Java. 

How to convert String to Double in Java and double to String with Example

There are three ways to convert a String to double value in Java, Double.parseDouble() method, Double.valueOf() method and by using new Double() constructor and then storing the resulting object into a primitive double field, autoboxing in Java will convert a Double object to the double primitive in no time. Out of all these methods, the core method is parseDouble() which is specially designed to parse a String containing floating-point value into the Double object. Rest of the methods like valueOf() and constructor uses parseDouble() internally. This method will throw NullPointerException if the string you are passing is null and NumberFormatException if String is not containing a valid double value e.g. containing alphabetic characters.

How to check if two String variables are same in Java? equals(), equalsIgnoreCase() and == operator Example

There are multiple ways to compare two strings alphabetically in Java e.g. == operator, equals() method or compareTo() method, but which one is the best way to check if two strings are equal or not? Programmers often confused between == operator and equals() method, and think that comparing strings using == operator should be faster than equals() method, and end up using that. Though they are not completely wrong, they often missed the point that == operator is designed to compare object equality, not String equality, which is actually defined in equals()method and compare Strings alphabetically. 

How to Read User Input and Password in Java from command line? Console Example

Hello guys, if you are wondering how to take user input from command prompt in Java like username and password then don't worry. Java provides several utilities like Scanner and BufferedReader to read input from command prompt in Java. Java 6 added a new utility class for reading input data from character based devices including command line. java.io.Console can be used to read input from command line, but unfortunately, it doesn't work on most of the IDE like Eclipse and Netbeans. As per Javadoc call to System.Console() will return attached console to JVM if it has been started interactive command prompt or it will return null if JVM has been started using a background process or scheduler job.

How to replace characters and substring in Java? String.replace(), replaceAll() and replaceFirst() Example

One of the common programming tasks is to replace characters or substring from a String object in Java. For example, you have a String "internet" and you want to replace the letter "i" with the letter "b", how do you that? Well, the String class in Java provides several methods to replace characters, CharSequence, and substring from a String in Java. You can call replace method on the String, where you want to replace characters and it will return a result where characters are replaced. What is the most important point to remember is that the result object would be a new String object? 

Difference between StringBuilder and StringBuffer in Java with Example

If you are in a hurry and heading straight to interview then I won't take much of your time, In a couple of words, the main difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder is between four parameters, synchronization, speed, thread-safety, and availability. StringBuffer is synchronized and that's why thread-safe, but StringBuilder is not synchronized, not thread-safe and that's why fast. Regarding availability, StringBuffer is available from Java 1.0 while StringBuilder was added in Java 5. 

How to check if a Number is Power of Two in Java? [Bitwise AND Example]

Hello guys, if you are thinking about how to check if a given number is a power of two without using an arithmetic operator like division then you have come to the right place. In Java, you can use bitwise operators like bitwise AND check if a given number if the power of two or if the given number is even or odd. In this Java Programming tutorial, you will learn how to check if the number is the Power of two using a bitwise operator. The main purpose of this program is to teach you how to use bit-wise operators like bitwise AND (&)  in Java. A number is said to be the power of two if all its prime factors are 2, but in the binary world, things work a little differently. 

5 Difference between Hashtable vs HashMap in Java? Answer

Hashtable vs HashMap in Java
Hashtable and HashMap are two hash-based collections in Java and are used to store objects as key-value pairs. Despite being hash-based and similar in functionality there is a significant difference between Hashtable and HashMap and without understanding those differences if you use Hashtable in place of HashMap then you may run into series of subtle programs which is hard to find and debug. Unlike the Difference between ArrayList and HashMap, Differences between Hashtable and HashMap are more subtle because both are similar kinds of collections. Before seeing the difference between HashMap and Hashtable let's see some common things between HashMap and Hashtable in Java.

How to write a Parameterized Method in Java using Generics? Example

Hello guys, if you are wondering how to write a parameterized method in Java using Generics then you are at right place. Earlier, I  have shared Complete Java Generics tutorial as well as popular Generics Interview Questions and in this article, I will teach you how to write a parameterized method using Generics in Java step by step. A method is called a generic method if you can pass any type of parameter to it and it will function the same like it allows the same logic to be applied to different types. It's known as a type-safe method as well.

Difference between Static and Dynamic binding in Java

Hello guys, if you are wondering what is difference between static and dynamic binding and how it affect your program execution in Java then you are at right place. When you call a method in Java, it is resolved either at compile time or at runtime, depending upon whether it's a virtual method or a static method. When a method call is resolved at compile time, it is known as static binding, while if method invocation is resolved at runtime, it is known as Dynamic binding or Late binding. Since Java is an object-oriented programming language and by virtue of that it supports Polymorphism. Because of polymorphism, a reference variable of type Parent can hold an object of type Child, which extends Parent.

Difference between Polymorphism vs Inheritance in Java and Object Oriented Programming - Example

Programmers often confused among different object-oriented concepts e.g. between Composition and Inheritance, between abstraction and encapsulation, and sometimes between Polymorphism and Inheritance. In this article, we will explore the third one, Polymorphism vs Inheritance. Like in the real world, Inheritance is used to define the relationship between two classes. It's similar to the Father-Son relationship. In object-oriented programming, we have a Parent class (also known as the superclass) and a Child class (also known as the subclass). Similar to the real world, a Child inherits Parents' qualities, like its attributes, methods, and code. 

How to convert ArrayList to Comma Separated or Delimited String in Java - Spring Example

Some time we need to convert ArrayList to String in Java programming language in order to pass that String to stored procedure, any method or any other program. Unfortunately Java collection framework doesn't provide any direct utility method to convert ArrayList to String in Java. But Spring framework which is famous for dependency Injection and its IOC container also provides API with common utilities like method to convert Collection to String in Java. You can convert ArrayList to String using Spring Framework's StringUtils class. StringUtils class provide three methods to convert any collection e.g. ArrayList to String in Java, as shown below:

Difference between JDK and JRE in Java Platform

Java Platform offers JRE and JDK to run Java programs. JRE stands for Java runtime environment and JDK stands for Java development kit. JRE is meant for normal users, who wants to run Java program in their computer. JRE is normally used to run Java programs downloaded over internet e.g. Java Applets and Java Desktop application built using AWT and Swing. The main difference between JRE and JDK, comes from the fact that they are different tools. JDK is created for Java programmers and contains tools required for Java programming, like javac for compiling Java source files to .class files. Without JDK, you can not create Java applications and programs. 

Difference between this and super keywords in Java

this and super are two special keywords in Java, which is used to represent current instance of a class and it's super class. Java Programmers often confused between them and not very familiar with there special properties, which is asked at various core Java interviews. A couple of questions, which I remember about this and super keyword is  that, Can we reassign this in Java?  and the difference between this and super keyword in Java. Do you want to try that? Ok, I am not giving the answer now, rather I will let you know the answer at the end of this post. 

How to use String literals in switch case in Java? Example Tutorial

Switch Statements are not new for any Programmer, it is available in C, C++, Java and in all major programming language. The switch statement in Java allows you to a clear, concise, and efficient multiple-branch statement without lots and lots of messy if-else statements. But Java Switch and case statement have a limitation, you cannot use String in them. Since String is one of the most used classes in Java, and almost every program, starting from Hello World to a complex multi-tier Java application uses them, it makes a lot of sense to allow them in the Switch case. In Java 6 and before, the values for the cases could only be constants of integral type e.g. byte, char, short, int, and enum constants. If you consider Autoboxing then you can also use the corresponding wrapper class like Byte, Character, Short, and Integer.

10 Example of SSH Command in UNIX and Linux

SSH command stands for Secure Shell which allows user to securely login into remote machine. If you are working on network on UNIX and Linux machine, SSH command is your friend because with ssh in UNIX you can not easily navigate from one host to other. SSH Command or SSH client in UNIX not only allow you to login into remote host but also allows you to execute command on remote machine without going to into remote server. which is quite convenient while writing bash scripts or getting general information about server like uptime of remote server. This article shows examples of ssh command in UNIX and different usage of ssh in UNIX along with basic concept of ssh command.

How to Fix java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in Java [Solution]

The ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, also known as java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExcepiton is one of the most common errors in Java programs. It occurs when a Java program tries to access an invalid index like. an index that is not positive or greater than the length of an array or ArrayList. For example, if you have an array of String like String[] name = {"abc"} then trying to access name[1] will give java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: length=1; index=1 error because index 1 is invalid here. Why? because the index in the Java array starts with zero rather than 1, hence in an array of just one element the only valid index is index zero. 

10 Reasons of java.lang.NumberFormatException in Java - Solution

The NumberFormatException is one of the most common errors in Java applications, along with NullPointerException. This error comes when you try to convert a String into numeric data types e.g., int, float, double, long, short, char, or byte. The data type conversion methods like Integer.parseInt(), Float.parseFloat(), Double.parseDoulbe(), and Long.parseLong() throws NumberFormatException to signal that input String is not valid numeric value. 

3 ways to solve Eclipse - main class not found error

Like many Java programmers who get "Error: Could not find or load main class Main" while running the Java program in Eclipse, I was also getting the same problem recently. The "Error: Could not find or load main class" was rendered me puzzled even after my 10+ years of experience with Java errors and exceptions. Whenever I run my Java application either by Run configurations or right-click and run as a Java program, I get an annoying popup complaining about "could not find or load the main class, the program will exit". 

Can You declare Constructor inside Servlet Class in Java? Answer

Yes, Servlet can have Constructor, it's perfectly legal but it's not the right way to initialize your Servlet. You should use the init() method provided by the Servlet interface to initialize the Servlet. If you remember, Servlet's are special in the sense that they are instantiated by the container and managed by the container. A servlet container like Tomcat creates a pool of multiple Servlets to serve multiple clients at the same time.

10 Examples of ps command in Linux

In Today's article, You will be learning  about the "ps" command in Linux and  our objectives are: 

To know what Ps stands for, how it works with numerous options, and provide different examples and the usage of it.

PS stands for processes status. Basically used to list the processes that are running at the moment. As we all know that when a task needs to be implemented it must follow or have a process. There are different options you could use with it and this gives you a different result. 

How to fix "variable might not have been initialized" error in Java? Example

This error occurs when you are trying to use a local variable without initializing it. You won't get this error if you use an uninitialized class or instance variable because they are initialized with their default value like Reference types are initialized with null and integer types are initialized with zero, but if you try to use an uninitialized local variable in Java, you will get this error. This is because Java has the rule to initialize the local variable before accessing or using them and this is checked at compile time. If the compiler believes that a local variable might not have been initialized before the next statement which is using it, you get this error. You will not get this error if you just declare the local variable but will not use it.

[Solved] Error: could not open 'C:\Java\jre8\lib\amd64\jvm.cfg'

Hello guys, if you are getting "Error: could not open 'C:\Java\jre8\lib\amd64\jvm.cfg'" error or just Error: could not open 'jvm.cfg and wondering what to do and how to solve this error then you have come to the right place. I will show you how I solved this error and how you can use my tips to solve your error as well. A couple of weeks back I updated my laptop to Windows 10 but after trying for one day, I reverted back to Windows 8.1. Everything was alright until I open Eclipse, which was throwing "Error: could not open 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre8\lib\amd64\jvm.cfg', as soon as I launch it. It was quite bizarre because everything was fine earlier. 

Caused By: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/log4j/Logger in Java [Solution]

Problem: You are getting Caused By: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/log4j/Logger error in your Java application, which is using Log4j Logger either directly or indirectly via some popular Java framework like Spring, Struts or Hibernate.

Cause : Caused By: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/log4j/Logger error indicates that JVM is not able to found org.apache.log4j.Logger class in your application's CLASSPATH. The simplest reason for this error is the missing log4j.jar file. Since org.apache.log4j.Logger class belongs to this JAR file, if it's not available at run-time then your program will fail. 

How to Avoid/Fix ConcurrentModificationException while looping over ArrayList in Java [Example]

Apart from the NullPointerException and ClassNotFoundException, ConcurrentModificationException is another nightmare for Java developers. What makes this error tricky is the word concurrent, which always mislead Java programmers that this exception is coming because multiple threads are trying to modify the collection at the same time. Then begins the hunting and debugging, they spent countless hours to find the code which has the probability of concurrent modification. While in reality, ConcurrentModficationException can also come in a single-threaded environment. 

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/xmlbeans/XmlObject [Solved]

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/xmlbeans/XmlObject error means that your Java program needed a class called org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlObject but JVM is not able to find that in your application's CLASSPATH. You can see the actual cause of this error is "java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlObject". The most probable reason for this error could be a missing JAR file. In order to solve this error, you need to first find out which JAR file this class belongs. If you look at the error message it's clearly saying that it's from xmlbeans package, it means this class belongs to XMLBeans library.

'javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command [Solution]

'javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program, or batch file error comes when you try to compile a Java source file using the javac command like javac Helloworld.java but your PATH is not set properly. It means that the javac.exe executable file, which exists in the bin directory of the JDK installation folder is not added to the PATH environment variable. You need to add the JAVA_HOME/bin folder in your machine's PATH to solve this error. You cannot compile and run a Java program until your add Java into your system's PATH variable. 

How to Fix java.lang.OufOfMemoryError: Direct Buffer Memory

Java allows an application to access non-heap memory by using a direct byte buffer. Many high-performance applications use a direct byte buffer, along with a memory-mapped file for high-speed IO. And, while the ByteBuffer object is small itself, it can hold a large chunk of non-heap memory, which is outside of the Garbage collection scope.  This means the garbage collectors can not reclaim this memory. It is often used to store large data like order or static data cache. Since generally, your program allocates the large buffer e.g. size of 1GB or 2GB, you get "Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Direct buffer memory" error, when you try to allocate memory by running the following code

java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space : Cause and Solution

So you are getting java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space and run out of ideas on what to do, especially if you are a user of any Java application and not the programmer or developer, this could be a tricky situation to be in. I receive lots of emails from Minecraft user ( a popular Java game), along with junior developers who are using Tomcat, Jetty, Untow, JBoss, WebSphere, Android user, who uses Android apps and several other Swing-based Java desktop application user complaining about java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space in their Mobile or Laptop. 

How to fix "class, interface, or enum expected" error in Java? Example

If you have ever written Java programs using Notepad or inside DOS editor, then you know that how a single missing curly brace can blow your program and throw 100s of "illegal start of expression" errors during compilation of Java Programmer. I was one of those lucky people who started their programming on DOS editor, the blue window editor which allows you to write Java programs. I didn't know about PATH, CLASSPATH, JDK, JVM, or JRE at that point. It's our lab computer where everything is supposed to work as much as our instructor wants. 

How to fix "illegal start of expression" error in Java? Example

The "illegal start of expression" error is a compile-time error when the compiler finds an inappropriate statement in the code. The java compiler, javac, compile your source code from top to bottom, left to right and when it sees something inappropriate at the start of an expression, it throws an "illegal start of expression" error. The most common reason for this is a missing semi-colon. You might know that every statement in Java ends with a semicolon, but if you forget one, you won't get an error that there is a missing semi-colon at the end of the statement because the compiler doesn't know the end.

[Solved] java.lang.unsupportedclassversionerror Unsupported major.minor version 55.0, 57.0, 60.0, 61.0 Error in Java? Examples

The java.lang.unsupportedclassversionerror unsupported major.minor version 60.0 error comes in Java environment when you compile your Java file in a higher Java version like Java 16 and then trying to run the same Java program in lower Java version like Java 11. Java is backward compatible, I mean you can run your Java 15 binary or JAR into Java or JRE 16 but vice-versa is not true. You can not run a Java program that is compiled in a higher Java version into lower JRE. class file version changes between every Java version and class file generated by the javac command of Java 16 installation is not appropriate for JRE of Java 15 Installation.

Difference between Correlated Subquery vs Non-Correlated (Self Contained) subquery in SQL - Example

If you are wondering what is correlated and non-correlated subqueries in SQL and looking to understand the difference between them then you have come to the right place. Earlier, I have shared free SQL and Database courses and today, I am going to talk about one of the common SQL concepts of subqueries, a query inside another query. There are two types of subqueries in SQL, correlated subquery and self-contained subquery, also known as nested, non-correlated, uncorrelated, or simply a subquery. The main difference between them is, self-contained (non-correlated) subqueries are independent of the outer query, whereas correlated subquery has a reference to an element from the table in the outer query.

Difference between ISNULL() and COALESCE() function in SQL? Example

Even though both ISNULL() and COALESCE() function provides alternate values to NULL in T-SQL and Microsoft SQL Server e.g. replacing NULL values with empty String, there are some key differences between them, which is often the topic of SQL Server interview. In this article, you will not only learn the answer to this question but also learn how to use COALESCE and ISNULL function properly. One of the main differences between them is that  COALESCE() is a standard SQL function but ISNULL() is Microsoft SQL Server-specific, which means it's not guaranteed to be supported by other database vendors like Oracle, MySQL, or PostgreSQL.